-Bambos Charalambous Mohammed Shafei-
DSC works by controlling water at the user end—through time- or quantity-based rationing, smart valves, and pressure management—while keeping the network pressurized 24/7. This improves water quality, reduces infrastructure damage, enables accurate leakage detection, and minimizes unauthorized consumption. The approach provides both customer benefits (fair distribution, better service, health improvements) and utility benefits (efficiency, leakage reduction, financial sustainability). Challenges include customer acceptance, skill development, technology costs, and securing funding, but DSC offers a practical pathway out of the IWS “vicious cycle” toward sustainable water supply